Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability and Protection Case Study

Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability and Protection - Case Study Example It also needs rail and road transport as well as pipeline to supply it with the fuel for generators, water for emotions control and cooling, finance and banking for purchases of fuel, and telecommunications for system status monitoring and e-commerce. Mat times of component failure or emergencies, other critical dependencies on the same infrastructure will be used by the electricity infrastructure, yet within the same infrastructure. A good example is petroleum fuel for the emergency generators and transportation of repair materials. In this example, the supported infrastructure is electricity which is supported by water, telecommunications, transport, and the other infrastructures (Ronaldi, Peeremboom, & Kelly, 2001). Interdependency is bidirectional relationship existing between two infrastructures whereby is correlated or influences the other one’s state. These increase complexity of the system or systems dramatically. They are characterized by infrastructural multiple connections, feed forward and feedback paths as well as intricate, branching topologies. An intricate web is created by the connections, which depending on its linkages characteristics could transmit shocks across the broad swaths of the economy as well as through multiple infrastructures (Ronaldi, Peeremboom, & Kelly, 2001). Infrastructure interconnection causes vulnerability to failure. For instance, a cascading failure will occur when a certain disrupted infrastructure will cause a component of the other infrastructure to fail creating disruption on the infrastructure. An escalating failure will occur when a disruption that is existing disruption in the first infrastructure will intensify an independent commotion in the other infrastructure, normally worsening the situation in terms of recovery time or restoration time of the second failure. A common cause failure will occur when several networks of infrastructure are at the same time disrupted: there is failure in components in each

Native Americans and US Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Native Americans and US - Term Paper Example This paper illustrates that like the African Americans, the American natives were black. When the African slaves escaped from the European colonist, the American natives would hide them. In the year 1622, Native Americans overruled the European colonialist in James town. They killed the Europeans and took the slaves captives. They gradually integrated them into their society, and the interracial relationship started to develop between African Americans and the American natives. Colonists in the fear of mixed African native and American race due to the runaways passed a law to penalize anyone bringing slaves into their communities. In the year, 1726 the British governor signed a contract with American natives to bring back the slaves but, they did not comply despite the agreement. They continued to provide refuge to the African American. They were reported to have killed whites in the protection of the African Americans. Runaway slaves were adopted into the tribe and intermarried. The Native American system of adoption was not discriminative in terms of color. Native Americans sometimes became enslaved together with the African Americans. Africans and Native Americans often worked together, lived together, and had collective food recipes, herbal medicines, shared myths, and legends. Though some Native Americans resented these African slaves like in 1752, Catawba discriminated them. Interracial marriages still increased some tribes became divided because of the intermarriage between the white men and their women increased. European cultures become adopted as well as the racial discrimination.